a) \({u_2} = {u_1}.q\)

\({u_3} = {u_1}.{q^2}\)

…

\({u_{n - 1}} = {u_1}.{q^{n - 2}}\)

\({u_n} = {u_1}.{q^{n - 1}}\)

\({S_n} = {u_1} + {u_1}q +  \ldots  + {u_1}{q^{n - 2}} + {u_1}{q^{n - 1}}\)

b) \(q{S_n} = q{u_1} + {u_1}{q^2} +  \ldots  + {u_1}{q^{n - 1}} + {u_1}{q^n}\)

c) \({S_n} - q{S_n} = \left( {{u_1} + {u_1}q +  \ldots  + {u_1}{q^{n - 2}} + {u_1}{q^{n - 1}}} \right) - (q{u_1} + {u_1}{q^2} +  \ldots  + {u_1}{q^{n - 1}} + {u_1}{q^n})\).

\(\begin{array}{l} \Leftrightarrow \left( {1 - q} \right){S_n} = {u_1} - {u_1}{q^n} = {u_1}\left( {1 - {q^n}} \right)\\ \Rightarrow {S_n} = \frac{{{u_1}\left( {1 - {q^n}} \right)}}{{1 - q}}\end{array}\)

a)    Ta có:

\(\left. \begin{array}{l}{u_1} + {u_n} = {u_1} + {u_1} + \left( {n - 1} \right)d = 2{u_1} + \left( {n - 1} \right)d\\{u_2} + {u_{n - 1}} = {u_1} + d + \left( {n - 2} \right)d = {u_1} + \left( {n - 1} \right)d\\{u_n} + {u_1} = {u_1} + {u_1} + \left( {n - 1} \right)d = 2{u_1} + \left( {n - 1} \right)d\end{array} \right\} \Rightarrow {u_1} + {u_n} = {u_2} + {u_{n - 1}} = ... = {u_n} + {u_1}\)

b)    Dựa vào công thức vừa chứng minh ta có: \(n\left( {{u_1} + {u_n}} \right)\) = \(2{S_n}\)

a)    Ta có:

\({S_n}.q = \left( {{u_1} + {u_1}q + {u_1}{q^2} + ... + {u_1}{q^{n - 1}}} \right).q = {u_1}\left( {1 + q + {q^2} + ... + {q^{n - 1}}} \right).q = {u_1}\left( {q + {q^2} + {q^3} + ... + {q^n}} \right)\)

\(\begin{array}{l}{S_n} - {S_n}.q = {u_1} + {u_1}q + {u_1}{q^2} + ... + {u_1}{q^{n - 1}} - {u_1}\left( {q + {q^2} + {q^3} + ... + {q^n}} \right)\\ = {u_1}\left( {1 + q + {q^2} + ... + {q^{n - 1}}} \right) - {u_1}\left( {q + {q^2} + {q^3} + ... + {q^n}} \right)\\ = {u_1}\left( {1 + q + {q^2} + ... + {q^{n - 1}} - \left( {q + {q^2} + {q^3} + ... + {q^n}} \right)} \right)\\ = {u_1}\left( {1 - {q^n}} \right)\end{array}\)

b)    Ta có: \({S_n} - {S_n}.q = {u_1}\left( {1 - {q^n}} \right) \Leftrightarrow {S_n}\left( {1 - q} \right) = {u_1}\left( {1 - {q^n}} \right) \Leftrightarrow {S_n} = \frac{{{u_1}\left( {1 - {q^n}} \right)}}{{\left( {1 - q} \right)}}\)

a) Ta có: \({u_2} = {u_1} + d\)

\({u_3} = {u_2} + d = {u_1} + 2d\)

\({u_4} = {u_3} + d = {u_1} + 3d\)

\({u_5} = {u_4} + d = {u_1} + 4d\)

b) Công thức tính số hạng tổng quát \({u_n}\):

\({u_n} = {u_1} + \left( {n - 1} \right)d\).

\(a,u_1+u_n=u_1+\left[u_1+\left(n-1\right)d\right]=u_1+u_1+\left(n-1\right)d=2u_1+\left(n-1\right)d\\ u_2+u_{n-1}=\left[u_1+d\right]+\left[u_1+\left(n-2\right)d\right]=2u_1+\left(n-1\right)d\\ ...\\ u_k+u_{n-k+1}=\left[u_1+\left(k-1\right)d\right]+\left[u_1+\left(n-k+1-1\right)d\right]=2u_1+\left(n-1\right)d\)

\(b,u_1+u_n=2u_1+\left(n-1\right)d\\ u_2+u_{n-1}=2u_1+\left(n-1\right)d\\ ...\\ u_n+u_1=2u_1+\left(n-1\right)d\)

Cộng vế với vế, ta được:

\(2\left(u_1+u_2+...+u_n\right)=n\left[2u_1+\left(n-1\right)d\right]\\ \Leftrightarrow2\left(u_1+u_2+...+u_n\right)=n\left(u_1+u_n\right)\)

1:

\(S_{10}=\dfrac{u_1\cdot\left(1-q^{10}\right)}{1-q}=\dfrac{-3\cdot\left(1-\dfrac{1}{1024}\right)}{1-\dfrac{1}{2}}\)

\(=-6\cdot\dfrac{1023}{1024}=\dfrac{-3069}{512}\)

2:

\(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}u1=6\\u2=18\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}u1=6\\u1\cdot q=18\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}u1=6\\q=3\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(S_{12}=\dfrac{u_1\left(1-q^{12}\right)}{1-q}=\dfrac{6\cdot\left(1-3^{12}\right)}{1-3}=-3\cdot\left(1-3^{12}\right)\)

\(=3^{13}-3\)

\(Bài.1:\\ u_7=u_1+6d\\ \Leftrightarrow-10=2+6d\\ \Rightarrow6d=-10-2=-12\\ Vậy:d=\dfrac{-12}{6}=-2\\ Bài.2:S_{10}=10.u_1+\dfrac{10.\left(10-1\right)}{2}.d=10.1+\dfrac{10.9}{2}.2=100\\ Bài.3:S_{2019}=2019.u_1+\dfrac{2019.\left(2019-1\right)}{2}.d\\ =2019.3+\dfrac{2019.2018}{2}.2=2019.2021=4080399\)

Bài 4:

\(d=u_2=u_1=5-2=3\)

Bài 5:

\(u_n=u_1+\left(n-1\right)d\\ \Leftrightarrow2018=2+\left(n-1\right).9\\ \Leftrightarrow2+9n-9=2018\\ \Leftrightarrow9n=2018-2+9\\ \Leftrightarrow9n=2025\\ \Leftrightarrow n=\dfrac{2025}{9}=225\)

Vậy: 2018 là số hạng thứ 225 của dãy

Bài 6:

Đề chưa có yêu cầu

\(a,u_1;u_2=u_1+d;u_3=u_1+2d;u_4=u_1+3d;u_5=u_1+4d\\ b,u_n=u_1+\left(n-1\right)d\)

a)    Ta có:

\(\begin{array}{l}{u_1} + {u_2} + {u_3} =  - 1 \Leftrightarrow {u_1} + {u_1} + d + {u_1} + 2d =  - 1\\ \Leftrightarrow 3{u_1} + 3d =  - 1\\ \Leftrightarrow 3.\left( {\frac{1}{3}} \right) + 3d =  - 1\\ \Leftrightarrow 3d =  - 2\\ \Leftrightarrow d =  - \frac{2}{3}\end{array}\)

Công thức tổng quát của số hạng \({u_n}\): \({u_n} = \frac{1}{3} + \left( {n - 1} \right)\left( { - \frac{2}{3}} \right)\)

b)    Ta có:

\(\begin{array}{l} - 67 = \frac{1}{3} + \left( {n - 1} \right).\left( { - \frac{2}{3}} \right)\\ \Leftrightarrow n - 1 = 101\\ \Leftrightarrow n = 102\end{array}\)

 - 67 là số hạng thứ 102 của cấp số cộng

c)    Ta có:

\(\begin{array}{l}7 = \frac{1}{3} + \left( {n - 1} \right).\left( { - \frac{2}{3}} \right)\\ \Leftrightarrow n - 1 =  - 10\\ \Leftrightarrow n =  - 9\end{array}\)

 7 không là số hạng của cấp số cộng