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\(u_{n+1}=\dfrac{n\left(u_n+2\right)+n^2+1}{n+1}\)
\(\Rightarrow\left(n+1\right)u_{n+1}=nu_n+n^2+2n+1\)
\(\Rightarrow\left(n+1\right)u_{n+1}-\dfrac{1}{3}\left(n+1\right)^3-\dfrac{1}{2}\left(n+1\right)^2-\dfrac{1}{6}\left(n+1\right)=n.u_n-\dfrac{1}{3}n^3-\dfrac{1}{2}n^2-\dfrac{1}{6}n\)
Đặt \(v_n=u.u_n-\dfrac{1}{3}n^3-\dfrac{1}{2}n^2-\dfrac{1}{6}n\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}v_1=1-\dfrac{1}{3}-\dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{1}{6}=0\\v_{n+1}=v_n=...=v_1=0\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Rightarrow n.u_n-\dfrac{1}{3}n^3-\dfrac{1}{2}n^2-\dfrac{1}{6}n=0\)
\(\Rightarrow u_n=\dfrac{1}{3}n^2+\dfrac{1}{2}n+\dfrac{1}{6}=\dfrac{\left(n+1\right)\left(2n+1\right)}{6}\)
Xét hàm số \(f\left(x\right)=\dfrac{x^{2022}+3x+16}{x^{2021}-x+11}\), ta cần cm
\(f\left(x\right)\ge x\) (*)
Thật vậy, (*) \(\Leftrightarrow x^{2022}+3x+16\ge x^{2022}-x^2+11x\)
\(\Leftrightarrow x^2-8x+16\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x-4\right)^2\ge0\) (luôn đúng)
Vậy \(f\left(x\right)\ge x,\forall x\)
\(\Rightarrow u_{n+1}=f\left(u_n\right)\ge u_n\) nên \(\left(u_n\right)\) là dãy tăng.
Đặt \(u_n+\dfrac{5}{4}=v_n\)
\(GT\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}v_1=\dfrac{9}{4};v_2=\dfrac{13}{4}\\v_{n+2}=2v_{n+1}+3v_n\end{matrix}\right.\)
Ta có CTTQ của dãy \(\left(v_n\right)\) là:
\(v_n=\dfrac{11}{24}.3^n-\dfrac{7}{8}.\left(-1\right)^n\)
(Bạn tự chứng minh theo quy nạp)
\(\Rightarrow u_n=\dfrac{11}{24}.3^n-\dfrac{7}{8}\left(-1\right)^n-\dfrac{5}{4}\) với \(\forall n\in N\text{*}\)
\(\Rightarrow S=2\left(u_1+u_2+...+u_{100}\right)+u_{101}\)
\(=\left[\dfrac{11}{12}\left(3^1+3^2+...+3^{100}\right)-\dfrac{7}{4}\left(-1+1-...+1\right)-\dfrac{5}{2}.100\right]+\dfrac{11}{24}.3^{101}-\dfrac{7}{8}.\left(-1\right)^{101}-\dfrac{5}{4}\)
\(=\dfrac{11}{12}.\dfrac{3^{101}-3}{2}-250+\dfrac{11}{24}.3^{101}+\dfrac{7}{8}\)
\(=\dfrac{11}{24}.\left(2.3^{101}-3\right)-\dfrac{1993}{8}\)
\(=\dfrac{11}{4}.3^{100}-\dfrac{501}{2}\)
\(u_{n+1}=\dfrac{2u_n}{u_n+4}\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{1}{u_{n+1}}=\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{2}{u_n}\)
Đặt \(v_n=\dfrac{1}{u_n}\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}v_1=1\\v_{n+1}=2v_n+\dfrac{1}{2}\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}v_1=1\\v_{n+1}+\dfrac{1}{2}=2\left(v_n+\dfrac{1}{2}\right)\end{matrix}\right.\)
Đặt \(v_n+\dfrac{1}{2}=x_n\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x_1=\dfrac{3}{2}\\x_{n+1}=2x_n\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Rightarrow x_n\) là CSN với công bội 2 \(\Rightarrow x_n=\dfrac{3}{2}.2^{n-1}=3.2^{n-2}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow v_n=x_n-\dfrac{1}{2}=3.2^{n-2}-\dfrac{1}{2}\)
\(\Rightarrow u_n=\dfrac{1}{v_n}=\dfrac{1}{3.2^{n-2}-\dfrac{1}{2}}=\dfrac{2}{3.2^{n-1}-1}\)
Với \(n>1\):
\(n\left(n^2-1\right)u_n=u_1+2u_2+...+\left(n-1\right)u_{n-1}\) (1)
\(\Leftrightarrow n^3-n.u_n=u_1+2u_2+...+\left(n-1\right)u_{n-1}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow n^3.u_n=u_1+2u_2+...+\left(n-1\right)u_{n-1}+n.u_n\) (2)
Thay n bởi \(n-1\) vào (2):
\(\Rightarrow\left(n-1\right)^3u_{n-1}=u_1+2u_2+...+\left(n-1\right)u_{n-1}\) (3)
Từ (1) và (3):
\(\Rightarrow n\left(n^2-1\right)u_n=\left(n-1\right)^2u_{n-1}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow n\left(n+1\right)u_n=\left(n-1\right)^2u_{n-1}\)
\(\Rightarrow u_n=\dfrac{\left(n-1\right)^2}{\left(n+1\right)n}u_{n-1}=\dfrac{\left(n-1\right)^2}{\left(n+1\right)n}.\dfrac{\left(n-2\right)^2}{n\left(n-1\right)}u_{n-2}=...=\dfrac{\left(n-1\right)^2\left(n-2\right)^2....1^2}{\left(n+1\right)n.n\left(n-1\right)...3.2}u_1\)
\(\Rightarrow u_n=\dfrac{\left[\left(n-1\right)!\right]^2}{\dfrac{\left(n+1\right).n^2\left[\left(n-1\right)!\right]^2}{2}}u_1=\dfrac{4}{n^2\left(n+1\right)}\)
Công thức này chỉ đúng với \(n\ge2\)
\(u_2=2u_1+1=2\cdot1+1=3\)
\(S=u_1+u_2=1+3=4\)