Lời giải:

a.

$x^2-x=y^2-1$
$\Leftrightarrow x^2-x+1=y^2$

$\Leftrightarrow 4x^2-4x+4=4y^2$

$\Leftrightarrow (2x-1)^2+3=(2y)^2$

$\Leftrightarrow 3=(2y)^2-(2x-1)^2=(2y-2x+1)(2y+2x-1)$

Đến đây xét các TH:

TH1: $2y-2x+1=1; 2y+2x-1=3$

TH2: $2y-2x+1=-1; 2y+2x-1=-3$

TH3: $2y-2x+1=3; 2y+2x-1=1$

TH4: $2y-2x+1=-3; 2y+2x-1=-1$

b.

$x^2+12x=y^2$

$\Leftrightarrow (x+6)^2=y^2+36$

$\Leftrightarrow 36=(x+6)^2-y^2=(x+6-y)(x+6+y)$

Đến đây xét trường hợp tương tự phần a.

c.

$x^2+xy-2y-x-5=0$

$\Leftrightarrow x^2+xy=x+2y+5$
$\Leftrightarrow 4x^2+4xy=4x+8y+20$

$\Leftrightarrow (2x+y)^2=4x+8y+20+y^2$

$\Leftrightarrow (2x+y)^2-2(2x+y)+1=y^2+6y+21$

$\Leftrightarrow (2x+y-1)^2=(y+3)^2+12$
$\Leftrightarrow (2x+y-1)^2-(y+3)^2=12$

$\Leftrightarrow (2x+y-1-y-3)(2x+y-1+y+3)=12$

$\Leftrightarrow (2x-4)(2x+2y+2)=12$

$\Leftrightarrow (x-2)(x+y+1)=3$

Đến đây đơn giản rồi.

a) \(x^2-x=y^2-1\)

\(\Rightarrow x^2-x+1=y^2\)

\(\Rightarrow4x^2-4x+4=4y^2\)

\(\Rightarrow4x^2-4x+1+3=\left(2y\right)^2\)

\(\Rightarrow\left(2x+1\right)^2-\left(2y\right)^2=-3\)

\(\Rightarrow\left(2x-2y+1\right)\left(2x+2y+1\right)=-3\)

Vì \(x,y\in Z\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\left(2x-2y+1\right)\left(2x+2y+1\right)\in Z\\\left(2x-2y+1\right)\left(2x+2y+1\right)\inƯ\left(7\right)\end{matrix}\right.\)

Ta có bảng:

Vậy \(\left(x,y\right)\in\left\{\left(0;1\right);\left(-1;-1\right);\left(-1;-1\right);\left(0;-1\right)\right\}\)

a, (x^2 -2x+1)+(y^2 +6y+9) =0

(x-1)^2 +(y+3)^2 =0

Do đó: x-1=0 và y+3=0

Vậy x=1 và y=-3

b, x^2 +y^2 +1=xy+x+y

2x^2 +2y^2 +2=2xy+2x+2y

2x^2 +2y^2 -2xy-2x-2y +2=0

(x^2 -2x+1)+(y^2 -2y+1)+ (x^2 +y^2 -2xy)=0

(x-1)^2 +(y-1)^2 +(x-y)^2 =0

Suy ra: x-1=0, y-1=0 và x-y=0

Vậy x=1,y=1

c,5x^2 - 4x-2xy+y^2 +1=0

(4x^2 -4x+1)+(x^2 -2xy+y^2 )=0

(2x-1)^2 +(x-y)^2 =0

Do đó: 2x-1 =0 và x=y suy ra: x=0,5 và x=y

Vậy x=y=0,5

\(\Leftrightarrow x^2+3xy+3y^2+xy-2x-6y=5\)

\(\Leftrightarrow x\left(x+3y\right)+y\left(x+3y\right)-2\left(x+3y\right)=5\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x+y-2\right)\left(x+3y\right)=5\)

Bảng giá trị:

Vậy \(\left(x;y\right)=\left(-4;1\right);\left(4;-3\right);\left(2;1\right);\left(10;-3\right)\)

\(x^2-4x+y^2-6y+15=2\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x^2-4x+4\right)+\left(y^2-9y+9\right)+2=2\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x-2\right)^2+\left(y-3\right)^2=0\)

Vì \(\left(x-2\right)^2\ge0;\left(y-3\right)^2\ge0\) 

Mà \(\left(x-2\right)^2+\left(y-3\right)^2=0\)

\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\left(x-2\right)^2=0\\\left(y-3\right)^2=0\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=2\\y=3\end{matrix}\right.\)

Vậy (x;y) = (2;3)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x^2-4x+4\right)+\left(y^2-6y+9\right)=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x-2\right)^2+\left(y-3\right)^2=0\)

Do \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\left(x-2\right)^2\ge0\\\left(y-3\right)^2\ge0\end{matrix}\right.\) ;\(\forall x;y\Rightarrow\left(x-2\right)^2+\left(y-3\right)^2\ge0\)

Đẳng thức xảy ra khi và chỉ khi:

\(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x-2=0\\y-3=0\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=2\\y=3\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(a,=3\left(x-5\right)-x\left(x-5\right)=\left(3-x\right)\left(x-5\right)\\ b,=7\left(x^2-2xy+y^2\right)=7\left(x-y\right)^2\\ c,=\left(x^2+y^2-2xy\right)\left(x^2+y^2+2xy\right)=\left(x-y\right)^2\left(x+y\right)^2\\ d,=\left(y^2-6y+9\right)-25x^2=\left(y-3\right)^2-25x^2=\left(y-5x-3\right)\left(y+5x-3\right)\)

\(a,9x^2+y^2+2z^2-18x+4z-6y+20=0\\ \Leftrightarrow9\left(x-1\right)^2+\left(y-3\right)^2+2\left(z+1\right)^2=0\\ \Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=1\\y=3\\z=-1\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(b,5x^2+5y^2+8xy+2y-2x+2=0\\ \Leftrightarrow4\left(x+y\right)^2+\left(x-1\right)^2+\left(y+1\right)^2=0\\ \Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=-y\\x=1\\y=-1\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=1\\y=-1\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(c,5x^2+2y^2+4xy-2x+4y+5=0\\ \Leftrightarrow\left(2x+y\right)^2+\left(x-1\right)^2+\left(y+2\right)^2=0\\ \Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}2x=-y\\x=1\\y=-2\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=1\\y=-2\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(d,x^2+4y^2+z^2=2x+12y-4z-14\\ \Leftrightarrow\left(x-1\right)^2+\left(2y-3\right)^2+\left(z+2\right)^2=0\\ \Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=1\\y=\dfrac{3}{2}\\z=-2\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(e,x^2+y^2-6x+4y+2=0\\ \Leftrightarrow\left(x-3\right)^2+\left(y+2\right)^2=11\)

Pt vô nghiệm do ko có 2 bình phương số nguyên có tổng là 11

e: Ta có: \(x^2-6x+y^2+4y+2=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow x^2-6x+9+y^2+4y+4-11=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x-3\right)^2+\left(y+2\right)^2=11\)

Dấu '=' xảy ra khi x=3 và y=-2

`A=-(x^2-2x)-(y^2+6y)+9`

`=-(x^2-2x+1)-(y^2+6y+9)+19`

`=-(x-1)^2-(y+3)^2+19<=19`

Dấu "=" xảy ra khi `x=1` và `y=-3`

`B=-(2x-5)^2+6|2x+5|+4`

`=-[(2x-5)^2-6|2x-5|+9]+13`

`=-(|2x-5|-3)^2+13<=13`

Dấu "=" xảy ra khi `|2x-5|=3<=>[(x=4),(x=1):}`