\(S=2^1+2^2+2^3+2^4+2^5+2^6+..+2^{28}+2^{29}+2^{30}\) 

\(S=2.\left(1+2+2^2\right)+2^4.\left(1+2+2^2\right)+...+2^{28}.\left(1+2+2^2\right)\) 

\(S=\left(1+2+2^2\right).\left(2+2^4+...+2^{28}\right)\) 

\(S=7.\left(2+2^4+...+2^{28}\right)\) 

⇒ \(S⋮7\)   ( điều phải chứng minh ) 

S=2¹+2²+2³+...+2³⁰

S=(2¹+2²+2³)+(2⁴+2⁵+2⁶)+...+(2²⁸+2²⁹+2³⁰)

S=7.2+7.2⁴+...+7.2²⁸

S=7.(2+2⁴+...+2²⁸)

⇒S⋮7

\(B>\dfrac{1}{2.3}+\dfrac{1}{3.4}+...+\dfrac{1}{30.31}\)

\(B>\dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{3}-\dfrac{1}{4}+...+\dfrac{1}{30}-\dfrac{1}{31}\)

\(B>\dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{1}{31}=\dfrac{29}{62}\left(đpcm\right)\)

\(B>\dfrac{1}{2.3}+\dfrac{1}{3.4}+...+\dfrac{1}{30.31}\)

\(B>\dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{3}-\dfrac{1}{4}+...+\dfrac{1}{30}-\dfrac{1}{31}\)

\(B>\dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{1}{31}=\dfrac{29}{62}\left(đpcm\right)\)

`Answer:`

 \(S=\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{4}+...+\frac{1}{31}+\frac{1}{32}\)

a) Ta thấy:

\(\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{4}>\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{4}=\frac{1}{2}\)

\(\frac{1}{5}+\frac{1}{6}+\frac{1}{7}+\frac{1}{8}>\frac{1}{8}+\frac{1}{8}+\frac{1}{8}+\frac{1}{8}=\frac{1}{2}\)

\(\frac{1}{9}+...+\frac{1}{16}>8.\frac{1}{16}=\frac{1}{2}\)

\(\frac{1}{17}+\frac{1}{18}+...+\frac{1}{32}>16.\frac{1}{32}=\frac{1}{2}\)

\(\Rightarrow S>\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2}=\frac{5}{2}\)

b) Ta thấy:

\(\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{5}< 3.\frac{1}{3}\)

\(\frac{1}{6}+...+\frac{1}{11}< 6.\frac{1}{6}\)

\(\frac{1}{12}+...+\frac{1}{23}< 12.\frac{1}{12}\)

\(\frac{1}{24}+...+\frac{1}{32}< 9.\frac{1}{24}\)

\(\Rightarrow S< \frac{1}{2}+1+1+1+\frac{9}{24}=\frac{31}{8}< \frac{9}{2}\)

(1+3)+3²(1+3+3²+3³)+3⁶(1+3+3²+3³)+...+3⁹⁶(1+3+3²+3³)

=4+3².40+3⁶.40+....+3⁹⁶.40

=4+(3²+3⁶+....+3⁹⁶).40:40;4+(3²+3⁶+....3⁹⁶).40:4

Ta có :

S= 1/51 +1/52 +..+1/100

Vì 1/51>1/52>...>1/100 

=> S >1/100 * 50 =1/2 (1)

Vì 1/100 <1/99<...<1/51<1/50

=> S < 1/50 * 50=1 (2)

Từ (1),(2) => 1/2 < S<1

P=1/2^2+1/2^3+...+1/2^2018 

2P=1/2 +1/2^2 +...+1/2^2017

=> 2P-P= (1/2 +1/2^2 +...+1/2^2017)-(1/2^2+1/2^3+...+1/2^2018 )

=> P=1/2 -1/2^2018 <1/2 <3/4

Ta có: \(\frac{1}{51}>\frac{1}{100};\frac{1}{52}>\frac{1}{100};...;\frac{1}{100}=\frac{1}{100}\)

\(\Rightarrow\frac{1}{51}+\frac{1}{52}+...+\frac{1}{100}>\frac{1}{100}.50=\frac{1}{2}\)

\(\Rightarrow S>\frac{1}{2}\)

Ta có \(\frac{1}{51}< \frac{1}{50};\frac{1}{52}< \frac{1}{50};...;\frac{1}{100}< \frac{1}{50}\)

\(\Rightarrow\frac{1}{51}+\frac{1}{52}+...+\frac{1}{100}< \frac{1}{50}.50=1\)

\(\Rightarrow S< 1\)

`Answer:`

1. \(S=\frac{1}{41}+\frac{1}{42}+...+\frac{1}{80}\)

\(\Rightarrow S=\left(\frac{1}{41}+\frac{1}{42}+...+\frac{1}{60}\right)+\left(\frac{1}{61}+...+\frac{1}{80}\right)\)

\(\Rightarrow S>\left(\frac{1}{60}+\frac{1}{60}+...+\frac{1}{60}\right)+\left(\frac{1}{80}+...+\frac{1}{80}\right)\)

\(\Rightarrow S>20.\frac{1}{60}+20.\frac{1}{80}\)

\(\Rightarrow S>\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{4}\)

\(\Rightarrow S>\frac{7}{12}\)

2. \(S=\frac{1}{2^2}+\frac{1}{3^2}+\frac{1}{4^2}+...+\frac{1}{2009^2}\)

Ta có:

 \(2^2< 1.2\Rightarrow\frac{1}{2^2}< \frac{1}{1.2}\)

\(3^2< 2.3\Rightarrow\frac{1}{3^2}< \frac{1}{2.3}\)

\(4^2< 3.4\Rightarrow\frac{1}{4^2}< \frac{1}{3.4}\)

...

\(2009^2< 2008.2009\Rightarrow\frac{1}{2009^2}< \frac{1}{2008.2009}\)

\(\Rightarrow S< \frac{1}{1.2}+\frac{1}{2.3}+\frac{1}{3.4}+...+\frac{1}{2008.2009}\)

\(\Rightarrow S< 1-\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{3}-\frac{1}{4}+...+\frac{1}{2008}-\frac{1}{2009}\)

\(\Rightarrow S< 1-\frac{1}{2009}< 1\)

\(\Rightarrow S< 1\)

3. \(\frac{3}{5.8}+\frac{11}{8.19}+\frac{12}{19.31}+\frac{70}{31.101}+\frac{99}{101.200}\)

\(=\frac{1}{5}-\frac{1}{8}+\frac{1}{8}-\frac{1}{19}+\frac{1}{19}-\frac{1}{31}+\frac{1}{31}-\frac{1}{101}+\frac{1}{101}-\frac{1}{200}\)

\(=\frac{1}{5}-\frac{1}{200}\)

\(=\frac{39}{200}\)