a) 22 + (2x -13) = 83 => 2x -13 = 61 => x = 37.

b) 51 - (-12 + 3x) = 27 => 63 - 3x = 27 => x = 12.

c) - (2x + 2) + 21 = - 23 => 2x + 2 = 44 => x = 21.

d) 25 - (25 - x) = 0 => 25 - 25 + x = 0 => x = 0.

a)x=4-12=-8

b)x=19-0=19

c)x=-12+4:2=-4

d)x=6+(-2):2=2

a) \(\dfrac{2x+5}{2x+1}=\dfrac{2x+1+4}{2x+1}=\dfrac{2x+1}{2x+1}+\dfrac{4}{2x+1}=1+\dfrac{4}{2x+1}\)  

Để \(\dfrac{2x+5}{2x+1}\in Z\) thì \(\dfrac{4}{2x+1}\in Z\) 

\(\Rightarrow4\) ⋮ \(2x+1\)

\(\Rightarrow2x+1\inƯ\left(4\right)=\left\{1;-1;2;-2;4;-4\right\}\)

\(\Rightarrow2x\in\left\{0;-2;1;-3;3;-5\right\}\)

\(\Rightarrow x\in\left\{0;-1;\dfrac{1}{2};-\dfrac{3}{2};\dfrac{3}{2};-\dfrac{5}{2}\right\}\)

Mà x nguyên \(\Rightarrow\text{x}\in\left\{0;-1\right\}\) 

b) \(\dfrac{3x+5}{x+1}=\dfrac{3x+3+2}{x+1}=\dfrac{3\left(x+1\right)+2}{x+1}=\dfrac{3\left(x+1\right)}{x+1}+\dfrac{2}{x+1}=3+\dfrac{2}{x+1}\) 

Để \(\dfrac{3x+5}{x+1}\in Z\) thì \(\dfrac{2}{x+1}\in Z\) 

\(\Rightarrow2\) ⋮ \(x+1\)

\(\Rightarrow x+1\inƯ\left(2\right)=\left\{1;-1;2;-2\right\}\)

\(\Rightarrow x\in\left\{0;-2;1;-3\right\}\) 

c) \(\dfrac{3x+8}{x-1}=\dfrac{3x-3+11}{x-1}=\dfrac{3\left(x-1\right)+11}{x-1}=\dfrac{3\left(x-1\right)}{x-1}+\dfrac{11}{x-1}=3+\dfrac{11}{x-1}\)  

Để: \(\dfrac{3x+8}{x-1}\in Z\) thì \(\dfrac{11}{x-1}\in Z\)

\(\Rightarrow11\) ⋮ \(x-1\)

\(\Rightarrow x-1\inƯ\left(11\right)=\left\{1;-1;11;-11\right\}\)

\(\Rightarrow x\in\left\{2;0;12;-10\right\}\)

d) \(\dfrac{5x+12}{x-2}=\dfrac{5x-10+22}{x-2}=\dfrac{5\left(x-2\right)+22}{x-2}=\dfrac{5\left(x-2\right)}{x-2}+\dfrac{22}{x-2}=5+\dfrac{22}{x-2}\)

Để: \(\dfrac{5x+12}{x-2}\in Z\) thì \(\dfrac{22}{x-2}\in Z\)

\(\Rightarrow22\) ⋮ \(x-2\)

\(\Rightarrow x-2\inƯ\left(22\right)=\left\{1;-1;2;-2;11;-11;22;-22\right\}\)

\(\Rightarrow x\in\left\{3;1;4;0;13;-9;24;-20\right\}\)

e) \(\dfrac{7x-12}{x+16}=\dfrac{7x+112-124}{x+16}=\dfrac{7\left(x+16\right)-124}{x+16}=\dfrac{7\left(x+16\right)}{x+16}-\dfrac{124}{x+16}=7-\dfrac{124}{x+16}\)

Để \(\dfrac{7x-12}{x+16}\in Z\) thì \(\dfrac{124}{x+16}\in Z\) 

\(\Rightarrow124\) ⋮ \(x+16\)

\(\Rightarrow x+16\inƯ\left(124\right)=\left\{1;-1;2;-2;4;-4;31;-31;62;-62;124;-124\right\}\)

\(\Rightarrow x\in\left\{-15;-17;-14;-18;-12;-20;15;-47;46;-78;108;-140\right\}\)

\(a)\left|x-9\right|\cdot(-8)=-16\)

\(\Rightarrow\left|x-9\right|=-16\div(-8)\)

\(\Rightarrow\left|x-9\right|=2\)

\(\Rightarrow x-9=\pm2\)

Lập bảng :

Vậy : \(x\in\left\{11;7\right\}\)

\(b)\left|4-5x\right|=24\)

\(\Rightarrow4-5x=\pm24\)

Lập bảng :

Mà \(x< 0\)nên x = -4