a) Áp dụng bất đẳng thức Cosi ta có :

\(x^2+1\geq 2x\\ 4y^2+1\geq 4y\\ 9z^2+1\geq 6z\)

Suy ra \(S\leq 6\)

Dấu = xảy ra khi \(x=1;y=\frac{1}{2}; z=\frac{1}{3}\)

c)Ta có: x2 + y2 – 2x + 4y + 5 = (x2 – 2x + 1) + (y2 + 4y + 4)

= (x – 1)2 + (y + 2)2

Vậy (x – 1)2 + (y + 2)2 = 0 ⇒ x – 1 = 0 hay y + 2 = 0

⇒ x = 1 hoặc y = -2

\(x^2-2x+y^2+4y-4< 0\)

⇔ \(\left(x-1\right)^2+\left(y+2\right)^2< 9\)

Mà \(\left(x-1\right)^2\ge0;\left(y+2\right)^2\ge0\) và 2 số này đều là bình phương của một số nguyên

Nên ta có các trường hơpj

TH1 : \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\left(x-1\right)^2=0\\\left(y+2\right)^2=0\end{matrix}\right.\)  \(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=1\\y=-2\end{matrix}\right.\) (TM)

TH2 : \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\left(x-1\right)^2=1\\\left(y+2\right)^2=1\end{matrix}\right.\) .....

TH3 : \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\left(x-1\right)^2=4\\\left(y+2\right)^2=1\end{matrix}\right.\) .....

Thôi tự túc mấy trường hợp còn lại. Nghi đề sai lắm :((

xin lỗi đề mình đánh sai phải là -4y+4

a) \(xy+3x+y=8\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(xy+3x\right)+\left(y+3\right)=11\)

\(\Leftrightarrow x\left(y+3\right)+\left(y+3\right)=11\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x+1\right)\left(y+3\right)=11=1.11=\left(-1\right).\left(-11\right)\)

Ta xét các TH sau:

+ \(\hept{\begin{cases}x+1=1\\y+3=11\end{cases}}\Rightarrow\hept{\begin{cases}x=0\\y=8\end{cases}}\)

+ \(\hept{\begin{cases}x+1=11\\y+3=1\end{cases}}\Rightarrow\hept{\begin{cases}x=10\\y=-2\end{cases}}\)

+ \(\hept{\begin{cases}x+1=-1\\y+3=-11\end{cases}}\Rightarrow\hept{\begin{cases}x=-2\\y=-14\end{cases}}\)

+ \(\hept{\begin{cases}x+1=-11\\y+3=-1\end{cases}}\Rightarrow\hept{\begin{cases}x=-12\\y=-4\end{cases}}\)

Vậy ta có 4 cặp số (x;y) thỏa mãn: (0;8) ; (10;-2) ; (-2;-14) ; (-12;-4)

a. xy + 3x + y = 8

=> x ( y + 3 ) + ( y + 3 ) = 8 + 3 = 11

=> ( x + 1 ) ( y + 3 ) = 11

Vậy các cặp ( x ; y ) thỏa mãn đề bài là ( 10 ; - 2 ) ; ( 0 ; 8 ) ; ( - 12 ; - 4 ) ; ( - 2 ; - 14 )

b. Không rõ đề

\(a,\Leftrightarrow\left(9x^2-18x+9\right)+\left(y^2-6y+9\right)+\left(2z^2+4z+2\right)=0\\ \Leftrightarrow9\left(x-1\right)^2+\left(y-3\right)^2+2\left(z+1\right)^2=0\\ \Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=1\\y=3\\z=-1\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(b,\Leftrightarrow\left(4x^2+8xy+4y^2\right)+\left(x^2-2x+1\right)+\left(y^2+2y+1\right)=0\\ \Leftrightarrow4\left(x+y\right)^2+\left(x-1\right)^2+\left(y+1\right)^2=0\\ \Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=-y\\x=1\\y=-1\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=1\\y=-1\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(c,\Leftrightarrow\left(4x^2+4xy+y^2\right)+\left(x^2-2x+1\right)+\left(y^2+4y+4\right)=0\\ \Leftrightarrow\left(2x+y\right)^2+\left(x-1\right)^2+\left(y+2\right)^2=0\\ \Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}2x=-y\\x=1\\y=-2\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=1\\y=-2\end{matrix}\right.\)

e: Ta có: 

Dấu '=' xảy ra khi x=3 và y=-2

\(a.\left(x^2+4x+4\right)+\left(x^2-6x+9\right)=2x^2+14x\)

\(x^2+4x+4+x^2-6x+9-2x^2-14x=0\)

\(-18x+13=0\)

\(x=\dfrac{13}{18}\)

Vậy \(S=\left\{\dfrac{13}{18}\right\}\)

\(b.\left(x-1\right)^3-125=0\)

\(\left(x-1\right)^3=125\)

\(x-1=5\)

\(x=6\)

Vậy \(S=\left\{6\right\}\)

\(c.\left(x-1\right)^2+\left(y +2\right)^2=0\)

\(Do\left(x-1\right)^2\ge0\forall x;\left(y+2\right)^2\ge0\forall y\)

\(\Rightarrow\left(x-1\right)^2+\left(y+2\right)^2\ge0\forall x,y\)

Mà \(\left(x-1\right)^2+\left(y+2\right)^2=0\)

\(\Rightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}\left(x-1\right)^2=0\\\left(y+2\right)^2=0\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}x-1=0\\y+2=0\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}x=1\\y=-2\end{matrix}\right.\)

Vậy \(S=\left\{1;-2\right\}\)

\(d.x^2-4x+4+x^2-2xy+y^2=0\)

\(\left(x-2\right)^2+\left(x-y\right)^2=0\)

\(\Rightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}\left(x-2\right)^2=0\\\left(x-y\right)^2=0\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}x-2=0\\x-y=0\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}x=2\\y=2\end{matrix}\right.\)

Vậy \(S=\left\{2;2\right\}\)

\(a,9x^2+y^2+2z^2-18x+4z-6y+20=0\\ \Leftrightarrow9\left(x-1\right)^2+\left(y-3\right)^2+2\left(z+1\right)^2=0\\ \Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=1\\y=3\\z=-1\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(b,5x^2+5y^2+8xy+2y-2x+2=0\\ \Leftrightarrow4\left(x+y\right)^2+\left(x-1\right)^2+\left(y+1\right)^2=0\\ \Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=-y\\x=1\\y=-1\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=1\\y=-1\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(c,5x^2+2y^2+4xy-2x+4y+5=0\\ \Leftrightarrow\left(2x+y\right)^2+\left(x-1\right)^2+\left(y+2\right)^2=0\\ \Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}2x=-y\\x=1\\y=-2\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=1\\y=-2\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(d,x^2+4y^2+z^2=2x+12y-4z-14\\ \Leftrightarrow\left(x-1\right)^2+\left(2y-3\right)^2+\left(z+2\right)^2=0\\ \Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=1\\y=\dfrac{3}{2}\\z=-2\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(e,x^2+y^2-6x+4y+2=0\\ \Leftrightarrow\left(x-3\right)^2+\left(y+2\right)^2=11\)

Pt vô nghiệm do ko có 2 bình phương số nguyên có tổng là 11

e: Ta có: \(x^2-6x+y^2+4y+2=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow x^2-6x+9+y^2+4y+4-11=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x-3\right)^2+\left(y+2\right)^2=11\)

Dấu '=' xảy ra khi x=3 và y=-2