12.

a)

\(P=\dfrac{\sqrt{x}-1+1}{\sqrt{x}\left(\sqrt{x}-1\right)}:\dfrac{\sqrt{x}}{\left(\sqrt{x}-1\right)^2}\left(x>0;x\ne1\right)\\ P=\dfrac{\sqrt{x}}{\sqrt{x}\left(\sqrt{x}-1\right)}\cdot\dfrac{\left(\sqrt{x}-1\right)^2}{\sqrt{x}}=\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{x}}\)

\(b,B=\dfrac{x-4+2\sqrt{x}+6-3\sqrt{x}-4}{\left(\sqrt{x}+3\right)\left(\sqrt{x}-2\right)}\\ B=\dfrac{x-\sqrt{x}+2}{\left(\sqrt{x}+3\right)\left(\sqrt{x}-2\right)}=\dfrac{\left(\sqrt{x}+1\right)\left(\sqrt{x}-2\right)}{\left(\sqrt{x}+3\right)\left(\sqrt{x}-2\right)}=\dfrac{\sqrt{x}+1}{\sqrt{x}+3}\\ c,M=B:A=\dfrac{\sqrt{x}+1}{\sqrt{x}+3}\cdot\dfrac{\sqrt{x}+3}{x-\sqrt{x}+2}=\dfrac{\sqrt{x}+1}{x-\sqrt{x}+2}\\ M=\dfrac{x-\sqrt{x}+2-x+2\sqrt{x}-1}{x-\sqrt{x}+2}\\ M=1-\dfrac{x-2\sqrt{x}+1}{x-\sqrt{x}+2}=1-\dfrac{\left(\sqrt{x}-1\right)^2}{x-\sqrt{x}+2}\)

Ta có \(\left(\sqrt{x}-1\right)^2\ge0;x-\sqrt{x}+2=\left(\sqrt{x}-\dfrac{1}{2}\right)^2+\dfrac{7}{4}>0\)

Do đó \(\dfrac{\left(\sqrt{x}-1\right)^2}{x-\sqrt{x}+2}\ge0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow M=1-\dfrac{\left(\sqrt{x}-1\right)^2}{x-\sqrt{x}+2}\le1-0=1\)

Vậy \(M_{max}=1\Leftrightarrow\sqrt{x}=1\Leftrightarrow x=1\left(tm\right)\)

a: Thay \(x=3+2\sqrt{2}\) vào A, ta được:

\(A=\dfrac{3+2\sqrt{2}-\sqrt{2}-1+2}{\sqrt{2}+1+3}=\dfrac{4+\sqrt{2}}{4+\sqrt{2}}=1\)

c: Ta có: \(\sqrt{x+4\sqrt{x-4}}=5\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\sqrt{x-4}+2=5\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\sqrt{x-4}=3\)

\(\Leftrightarrow x-4=9\)

hay x=13

c: Ta có: 

hay x=13